生命の階層システムにおける上向および下向決定性 : 適応進化を捉え直す(<特集>自然の階層)

A hierarchical view of natural systems provides an effective framework to describe a given process of interest effectively by focusing a particular hierarchical level. However, this raises a serious problem, how is the focal level restricted or determined by the upper and lower levels? This problem is seen in the theory of natural selection. The theory explains the evolution of a population of bio