Feature Visualization
If we want to understand individual features, we can search for examples where they have high values — either for a neuron at an individual position, or for an entire channel. We used the channel objective to create most of the images in this article. If we want to understand a layer as a whole, we can use the DeepDream objective , searching for images the layer finds “interesting.” And if we want
Adam — latest trends in deep learning optimization.
Adam [1] is an adaptive learning rate optimization algorithm that’s been designed specifically for training deep neural networks. First published in 2014, Adam was presented at a very prestigious conference for deep learning practitioners — ICLR 2015. The paper contained some very promising diagrams, showing huge performance gains in terms of speed of training. However, after a while people starte
Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization
We introduce Adam, an algorithm for first-order gradient-based optimization of stochastic objective functions, based on adaptive estimates of lower-order moments. The method is straightforward to implement, is computationally efficient, has little memory requirements, is invariant to diagonal rescaling of the gradients, and is well suited for problems that are large in terms of data and/or paramet
Stochastic gradient descent - Wikipedia
Stochastic gradient descent (often abbreviated SGD) is an iterative method for optimizing an objective function with suitable smoothness properties (e.g. differentiable or subdifferentiable). It can be regarded as a stochastic approximation of gradient descent optimization, since it replaces the actual gradient (calculated from the entire data set) by an estimate thereof (calculated from a randoml
Hyperparameter optimization - Wikipedia
In machine learning, hyperparameter optimization[1] or tuning is the problem of choosing a set of optimal hyperparameters for a learning algorithm. A hyperparameter is a parameter whose value is used to control the learning process. By contrast, the values of other parameters (typically node weights) are learned. The same kind of machine learning model can require different constraints, weights or
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