What are covariance and contravariance? | Stephan Boyer
Subtyping is a tricky topic in programming language theory. The trickiness comes from a pair of frequently misunderstood phenomena called covariance and contravariance. This article will explain what these terms mean. A ≼ B means A is a subtype of B. A → B is the type of functions for which the argument type is A and the return type is B. x : A means x has type A. A motivating question
To type or not to type: quantifying detectable bugs in JavaScript | the morning paper
the morning paper a random walk through Computer Science research, by Adrian Colyer Made delightfully fast by strattic To type or not to type: quantifying detectable bugs in JavaScript Gao et al., ICSE 2017 This is a terrific piece of work with immediate practical applications for many project teams. Is it worth the extra effort to add static type annotations to a JavaScript project? Should I use
Static vs. dynamic languages: a literature review
There are some pretty strong statements about types floating around out there. The claims range from the oft-repeated phrase that when you get the types to line up, everything just works, to “not relying on type safety is unethical (if you have an SLA)”1, "It boils down to cost vs benefit, actual studies, and mathematical axioms, not aesthetics or feelings", and I think programmers who doubt that
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