Carcinogenesis vol.30 no.11 pp.1821–1831, 2009 doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp193 Advance Access publication July 30, 2009 REVIEW Urinary bladder carcinogenesis induced by chronic exposure to persistent low-dose ionizing radiation after Chernobyl accident Alina Romanenko, Anna Kakehashi1 , Keiichirou Morimura1 , Hideki Wanibuchi1,� , Min Wei1 , Alexander Vozianov2 and Shoji Fukushima1,3 Department of Patho